2009 നവംബർ 8, ഞായറാഴ്‌ച


PROPERTIES OF MATTER

amä-§Ä

samUyqÄ 1

{]hÀ¯\w 1

\ap¡p Npäpw ImW-s¸-Sp¶ amä-§Ä enkäv sNbvXv CjvS-apÅ am\-Z-Þ-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨v hÀKoI-cn-¡p-¶p.

5 an\p«v

{]hÀ¯\w 2

• Ah-X-cWw GXm-\pw- t]À (hyàn-K-Xw)

• Ct­­m,aqt¶m t]cpÅ {Kq¸p-I-fn ]¦p-sh-¡p-¶p.

• sa¨s¸Sp¯n Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p.

tImUo-I-cn-¡p¶p.

• hnhn[ am\-Z-Þ-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨v amä-§sf \ap¡v hÀKo-I-cn-¡m³ Ign-bpw.

• DZm-l-c-W-ambn CjvS-ap-Å-XpwC-jvS-an-Ãm-¯-Xpw,-th-K-¯nepw kmh-[m-\-¯n-epw,-]p-Xnb ]ZmÀ°-§Ä D­m-Ip-¶Xpw D­­m-Im-¯-Xpw. 7an-\p«v

{]hÀ¯\w 3

• amä-§sf kqjva Xe-¯n ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶-Xn\v GXm\pw ]co-£-W-§-fn-teÀs¸-Sp-¶p.

• 8Hm,10Hm t]cp-S-§p¶ {Kq¸p-I-fm-Ip-¶p.(-A-\p-tbm-Py-amb {Kq¸nw-KvX{´w D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p)

{]hÀ¯-\-¯n-teÀs¸-Sm³ Nne-\nÀt±i§Ä \ÂIp-¶p.

• hÀ¡vjo-äv \ÂIp¶p (20-an-\p«v )

Bh-iy-amb kma-{Kn-IÄ (ap³Iq«n Hcp-t¡-­-h)

1. IS-emkv 10. Atam-Wn-bw-ssU-t{Im-taäv

2. sagp-Ip-Xncn 11. Hm«p-IjvWw

3. Xos¸«n 12. tkmUn-bw-t¢m-ssdUv

4. shÅw 13. ^nt\mÄ^vX-en³

5. sSÌvSyq_v 14. _mädn

6. kv]q¬ 15. C³kp-te-äUv hbÀ

7. ]cp¯n

8. saáo-jyw-I¼n

9. ]©-kmc

Ip«n-IÄ¡v kzbw {]hÀ¯-\-¯n\§Ä Bkq-{XWwsN-¿m-\pÅ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-¡p-¶p.

hÀ¡vjoäv 1(Hmtcm {Kq¸n\pw \ÂIp-¶p)(t_mÀUn Fgp-Xn-{]-ZÀin-¸n-¨mepw aXn)

(imkv{X-U-b-dn-bn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯m³)

]co-£Ww þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþ

Bh-iy-amb kma-{Kn-IÄ þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþ

\nco-£-W-§Ä

F´v amä-amWv D­mbXv.

· BIy-Xn.

· Af-hnÂ.

· \nd-¯nÂ.

· X³am-{X-I-fpsS {Iao-I-c-W-¯nÂ.

· ]pXnb ]ZmÀ°-§Ä D­m-tbm,-C-Ã-tbm.

hÀ¡vjoäv2(Hmtcm {Kq¸n\pw \ÂIp-¶p)

{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä

1. IS-em-kp-sIm­­v CjvS-apÅ Hcp Ifn-¸m«w \nÀ½n-¡pI ({Kq-¸v-þ1)

2. Hcp sNdnb IjvWw sagp-Ip-Xncn Hcp kv]qWn-se-Sp¯v sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-Pzm-e-bn ImWn-¡p-I. ({Kq-¸v-þ2)

3. Hcp sSÌvSyq_n Aev]w Pe-sa-Sp¯v sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-Pzm-e-bn ImWn¨v NqSm-¡p-I. sSÌvSyq_nsâ hmbv`m-K¯v Hcp IjvWw ]cp¯n sIm­v AS-¡p-I. ({Kq-¸v-þ3)

4. saáo-jyw-I¼n sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-Pzm-e-bn ImWn¨v NqSm-¡p-I. ({Kq-¸v-þ2,4)

5. Ipd¨v ]©-kmc Hcp kv]qWn-se-Sp¯v sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-Pzm-e-bn ImWn¨v NqSm-¡p-I. ({Kq-¸v-þ1,5)

6. Hcp Hm«p-I-jvW-¯n Ipd¨v Atam-Wnbw ssUt{Im-taäv FSp¯v NqSm-¡p-I. ({Kq-¸v-þ4)

7. ^nt\mÄ^vX-en³ tNÀ¯ tkmUnbw t¢mssdUv emb-\n-bn-eqsS sshZypXn IS-¯n-hn-Sp-I. ({Kq-¸v-þ3)

8. Hcp tNm¡vIjvWw s]mSn-s¨-Sp-¡p-I. ({Kq-¸v-þ5)

Ah-X-cWw(Hmtcm {Kq¸pw)

t{ImUo-I-cWw

e`n¨ \nco-£W^e-§Ä hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Hmtcm¶pw ]«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.-B-h-iy-amb t^mÀamäv NÀ¸-bn-eqsS X¿m-dm-¡p¶p.

]co£Ww

D­mb amä-§Ä

BIyXn

\ndw

Afhv

X³am-{X-IfpsS{IaoIc-W-¯nÂamäw

]pXn-b-]-ZmÀ°-§Ä

D­v

CÃ

D­v

CÃ

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8

Ah-X-cWw

t{ImUo-I-cWw

· ]pXnb ]ZmÀ°-§Ä D­m-Ip¶ amäw cmk-am-äw.

· ]pXnb ]ZmÀ°-§Ä D­m-Im¯ amäw `uXoI-am-äw.

· `uXoI-am-ä¯n X³am-{X-I-fpsS {Iao-I-c-W-¯n amäw hcp-¶p.

· `uXoI-am-ä¯n ]pXnb Ah-Ø-bn \n¶v ]gb Ah-Ø-bn-te¡v sIm­p-t]m-Im³ Ignbpw

· cmk-am-ä¯n X³am-{X-I-fpsS {Iao-I-c-W-¯n amäw hcp-¶p.

· cmk-am-ä¯n ]pXnb X³am-{X-IÄ cq]-s¸-Sp-¶p.

samUyqÄ 2

Dt±iyw þþþ

· FÃm amä-§Äs¡m-¸hpw DuÀÖ-amäw IqSn \S-¡p¶p F¶v Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶-Xn-\v.

· ssIamäw sN¿-s¸« {][m\ DuÀÖcq]-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n cmk-am-ä-§sf Xcw-Xn-cn-¡Â.

{]hÀ¯\w 1

Pe-¯nsâ Ah-Øm-am-ä-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« GXm\pw NÀ¨m-kq-N-I-§Ä NmÀ¨n {]ZÀin-¸n-¡p-¶p.

Xmsg-]-d-bp¶ amä-§Ä \S-¡p-t¼mÄ DuÀÖw kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-tX-Xv. DuÀÖw kzX-{´-am-¡p-¶-tX-Xv.

NÀ¨m-kq-N-I-§Ä

• sFkv Pe-ambn amdp-t¼mÄ

• Pew \ocm-hn-bm-Ip-t¼mÄ

• \ocmhn Pe-am-Ip-t¼mÄ

• Pew sFkm-Ip-t¼mÄ

• Pe-¯snag Ah-Øm-amäw `uXo-I-am-ä-am-tWm,-cm-k-am-ä-am-tWm.

• Pe-¯nsâ Ah-Øm-am-ä-¯n DuÀÖ-¯n\v ]¦p-t­m.-F-¦n AXv GXv DuÀÖcq]-am-Wv.

• `uXo-I-amäw \S-¡p-t¼mÄ DuÀÖw kzoI-cn-¡p-Itbm hn«p-sIm-Sp-¡p-Itbm sN¿pw Cu {]Øm-h-\-tbmSv \n§Ä tbmPn-¡p-¶p-t­m.

Ah-X-cWw (G-Xm\pw t]À)

t{ImUo-I-cWw

• `uXo-I-amäw \S-¡p-t¼mÄ GsX-¦nepw Xc-¯n-epÅ DuÀÖ-cq]w kzoI-cn-¡p-Itbm hn«psImSp-¡p-Itbm sN¿p-¶p.

• Pe-¯n\v Ah-Øm-amäw kw`-hn-¡p-t¼mÄ Xmt]mÀÖw kzoI-cn-¡p-Itbm hn«p-sIm-Sp-¡p-Itbm sN¿p-¶p.

{]hÀ¯\w 2

{]Im-i-cm-k-{]-hÀ¯-\-w

]co-£WcoXn Bkq-{XWw sN¿p¶p. Bh-iy-amb kma-{Kn-IÄ enÌv sN¿p-¶p.

(Ip«n-IÄ kzbw {]hÀ¯-\-¯n-teÀs¸-Sm³ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-¡p-¶p.)

hÀ¡vjoäv (Hmtcm {Kq¸n\pw \ÂIp-¶p) (t_mÀUn Fgp-Xn-{]-ZÀin-¸n-¨mepw aXn)

NÀ¨m-kq-N-I-§Ä

· knÂhÀ ss\t{Säv emb-\n-bn ap¡nb XpWn-¡jvWw kqcy-{]-Im-i-¯n sh¨-t¸mÄ D­mb amä-sa-´v.

· knÂhÀ ss\t{Säv emb-\n-bn ap¡nb XpWn-¡jvWw Ccp-«¯v sh¨-t¸mÄ D­mb amä-sa-´v.

· kqcy-{]-Im-i-¯nsâ km¶n²yw amä-¯n\v Imc-W-am-bn-«p-t­m.

· {]Im-timÀÖw BKn-cWw sNbvXm-tWm,-]p-d-¯p-hn-«mtWm Cu amäw \S-¶-Xv.

· Cu amäw {]Im-i-cm-k-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n\v DZm-l-c-W-am-tWm.-F-´p-sIm-­v.

Hmtcm {Kq¸n\pw Ah-X-c-W-¯n\-h-kcw \ÂIp¶p

tImUo-I-cn-¡p¶p.( {]Im-i-cm-k-{]-hÀ¯-\-w)

• kqcy-{]-Imiw BKn-cWw sN¿p-¶-Xp-sIm-­mWv knÂhÀss\-t{Säv hnL-Sn-¡p-¶-Xv.

• knhÀss\t{Säv kqcy-{]-Im-i-¯n³ hnL-Sn¨v Idp-¯-\nd¯]-epÅ knÂhÀ D­m-Ip-¶p.

• CXv Hcp {]Im-i-cm-k-{]-hÀ¯-\-am-Wv.

{]hÀ¯\w 3

Xm]-cm-k-{]-hÀ¯-\w

]co-£WcoXn Bkq-{XWw sN¿p¶p. Bh-iy-amb kma-{Kn-IÄ enÌv sN¿p-¶p.

(Ip«n-IÄ kzbw {]hÀ¯-\-¯n-teÀs¸-Sm³ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-¡p-¶p.)

hÀ¡vjoäv (Hmtcm {Kq¸n\pw \ÂIp-¶p) (t_mÀUn Fgp-Xn-{]-ZÀin-¸n-¨mepw aXn)

· CuÀ¸-c-ln-X-amb Hcp sSÌv Syq_n AÂ]w s]m«mkyw s]Àamw-K-t\äv FSp-¡p-I.

· CuÀ¡nÄ I¯n¨ tijw DuXn-s¡-Sp¯n AXnsâ I\ sSÌvv-Syq-_n XmgvXn \nco-£n-¡p-I.

· sSÌvv-Syq-_v NqSm-¡nb tijw CuÀ¡nÄ I¯n¨v DuXn-s¡-Sp¯n AXnsâ I\ sSÌvv-Syq-_n XmgvXn \nco-£n-¡p-I.

· hÀ¡vjoäv (Hmtcm {Kq¸n\pw \ÂIp-¶p) (t_mÀUn Fgp-Xn-{]-ZÀin-¸n-¨mepw aXn)

NÀ¨m-kq-N-I-§Ä

· CuÀ¡nÄ I\ Bfn-I-¯m³ XpS-§n-bXv Ft¸mÄ.

1.NqSm-¡m¯ sSÌvv-Syq-_n I\ XmgvXn \nco-£n¨t¸mÄ.

2.NqSm¡nb sSÌvv-Syq-_n I\ XmgvXn \nco-£n¨t¸mÄ.

· I\Â Bfn-¡-¯m³ ImcWw GXp hmX-I-¯nsâ km¶n-²y-am-hmw.

1.I¯m³ klm-bn-¡p¶ hmX-I-amb HmIvkn-Psâ km¶n²yw

2.I¯p¶ hmX-I-amb ssl{U-Psâ km¶n²yw

· Xmt]mÀÖw BKn-cWw sNbvXm-tWm,-]p-d-¯p-hn-«mtWm Cu amäw \S-¶-Xv.

§ Cu amäw Xm]-cm-k-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n\v DZm-l-c-W-am-tWm.-

Hmtcm {Kq¸n\pw Ah-X-c-W-¯n\-h-kcw \ÂIp¶p

tImUo-I-cn-¡p¶p. (Xm]-cm-k-{]-hÀ¯-\w)

• NqSm-¡p-t¼mÄ s]m«mkyw s]Àamw-K-t\äv hnL-Sn-¨p-­m-Ip¶ HmIvkn-P-\mWv I\Â I¯p-¶-Xn\p ImcWw

• Xm]w BKn-cWw sN¿p-t¼m-gmWv s]m«mkyw s]Àamw-K-t\äv hnL-Sn¡p¶-Xv.

• CXv Hcp Xm]-cm-k-{]-hÀ¯-\-am-Wv.

{]hÀ¯\w 4

sshZyp-X-cm-k-{]-\À¯\w

]co-£WcoXn Bkq-{XWw sN¿p¶p. Bh-iy-amb kma-{Kn-IÄ enÌv sN¿p-¶p.(6v _mädn Hmtcm {Kq¸n\pw \ÂI-Ww)

(Ip«n-IÄ kzbw {]hÀ¯-\-¯n-teÀs¸-Sm³ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-¡p-¶p.)

^nt\mÄ^vX-en³ tNÀ¯ tkmUnbw t¢mssdUv emb-\n-bn-eqsS sshZypXn IS-¯n-hn-«v \nco-£-W-¯n-teÀs¸-Sm Ah-k-c-sam-cp-¡p-¶p.

NÀ¨m-kq-N-I-§Ä

• emb-\n-bn-eqsS sshZypXn IS-¯n-hn-«-t¸mÄ D­mb amä-sa-´v.

• Cu amä-¯n\v ImcWw sshZyp-Xn-bm-tWm.

• emb-\n-bpsS \nd-am-ä-¯n-eqsS emb-\n-bpsS kz`m-h-¯n\v F´p amä-amWv kw`-hn-¨-Xv.

• emb\n BknUv kz`m-h-ap-Å-Xm-tWm,-B¡en kz`m-h-ap-Å-Xm-tWm.

• C§s\ emb-\n-bpsS kz`m-h-¯n amäw hcp-t¼mÄ ]pXnb X³am-{X-IÄ cq]-s¸-Sp-tam.

• ]pXnb ]ZmÀ°-§Ä D­m-Ip¶ amä-§sf F´p-hn-fn-¡mw.

• Ch Ønc-amb amä-§-fm-tWm.

Hmtcm {Kq¸n\pw Ah-X-c-W-¯n\-h-kcw \ÂIp¶p

tImUo-I-cn-¡p¶p.

· Cu {]hÀ¯\w Hcp cmk-am-ä-am-Wv.

· Cu {]hÀ¯\w \S-¡m³ sshZyp-tXmÀÖw Bh-iy-am-Wv.

· tkmUnbw t¢mssdUv emb-\n-bn-eqsS sshZypXn IS-¯n-hn-«t¸mÄ B¡en kz`m-h-apÅ tkmUnbw sslt{Um-IvsskUv D­m-bn.

{]hÀ¯\w 5

CXp-hsc sNbvX {]hÀ¯-\-§sf DuÀÖ-am-ä-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n³ ]«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.

{]hÀ¯\w

ssIamäw sNbvX DuÀÖ-cq-]-§Ä

]«n-I-hn-i-I-e\w sNbvXv {][m\ DuÀÖ-cq-]-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n IqSp-X DZm-l-c-W-§Ä Is­¯n hÀKo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.

]mT-]p-kvX-I-¯nse t]Pv \¼À 52se ]«nI 4.2,4.3 F¶nh D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

Hmtcm {Kq¸n\pw Ah-X-c-W-¯n\-h-kcw \ÂIp¶p

tImUo-I-cn-¡p¶p.

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